it’s possible to do something like this with
– a displacement texture
– you could use the Wrap deformer to wrap your spline extrudes around the cylinder but they would need to have Caps set to Regular Grid to be able to bend smoothly. Then getting the extrudes to smoothly blend in to the surface would be hard unless you have R20 and the Volume Builder/Volume Mesher
– Sculpting
– and you could subdivide the cylinder in the right way and subD that etc.
the displacement should (judging by some of the demos at Siggraph) be possible with the splines as a source in R20 as well.