DUIK uses Null objects for its “middle ground” between controllers and image files – so in theory, you can just adjust the controllers to the adult positions and the IK should continue to work. Where you might have issues will be in the changing shapes – as you’ll probably have to manually adjust the scales on each limb.
Another approach might be the puppet tool – where you have an animation of the growing and manipulate the puppet points to keep up and create the movement.
Third option, the Reshape effect will morph a layer from one mask to another, so you could use that to blend the different ages together.
Last option, if you have access to Video Copilot’s Element 3D and 3D models of the different ages, you could use Mixamo to create the animations of each age performing the same movement, convert them to Obj Sequences in Blender and then bring them in Element to see them in After Effects and animate using option #2 or #3 above.