As i understand it all those other codecs you tried are still quicktime files so that probably didn’t yield useful results. Try an image sequence like Rich recommended or try rendering through AME into something that isn’t .mov and see if you get any better results.
I’ve seen this pop up before and it never really gets resolved so let us know if you make any breakthroughs. I wonder if you try other settings besides [None] in AE if you can get the colors to match what one of those players is displaying.
Maybe we can narrow it down to something if that’s the case. also are you sure you want the 2.4 gamma rec 709 setting. Gamma affects the lightness pretty much, so wonder if quicktime/VLC are interpreting that differently.