HI there
I think the comprehensive comments from Ty and John just about cover this one, but for my addition.
1) If it is recorded, too hot, or clipped as a digital signal then all of the bits have become full. ie the digital datastream that is the audio instead of being 0’s and 1’s becomes all 1’s. This is where clipping occurrs and is one of the biggest negatives of the digital domain as the audible effect of clipping is far more objectionable to the ear than analogue tape saturation onset where the effect is gradual.
Like a ming vase dropped down the stairs, once its broken , it is broken and no amount of tape and glue will mend that audio.
2) Re recording levels. The recordist ought to have laid down some tones from her mixer at the head. These were stated to be -20 Correctly. That represents a 1k tone = PPM 4. The audio then following ought to follow at @ +8DB so peaking at -12. There is still a good way before the audio hits clipping at the recorder stage. If the waveform displays show a flattening of peaks but there is no audible clipping, and the audio was passed in digitally, then Id suspect that a limiter either in the remote mixer, or some sort of on board camera AGC was responsible for the problem.
In general, if theres a recordist with an external mixer and tones etc are employed then there should be no need for AGC at camera stage.
Peter
Dubbing Mixer