If the 3D layer is a very large image or vector file, it might just be 32 bit after effects running out of memory. If the worst comes to the worst, you could try precomping it into several smaller tiled comps, then rebuilding them in 3D space.
The other thing I’d ask – do you have OpenGL preview enabled? If so, try switching to Adaptive Resolution instead (software rendering). It’s much more reliable generally, but you probably knew that!