[Dave LaRonde] “the conversion is simple: 3 frames, then 2 frames, then 3 frames, then 2 frames and so on.”
Wrong.
This is where all this disinformation gets passed along.
3:2 cadencing occurs at the *field* level, not frames. I don’t think Apple actually understands this, either, because Final Cut doesn’t do it right, and you certainly cannot drop a 23.98 edit onto a 29.97 timeline without it literally exploding. You can’t even export a properly cadenced Quicktime from FCP. Its really quite pathetic and amateurish.
They can’t even include 23.98 as a major rate in their “Easy Setups”.
This is how it works:
24 film frames, 30 video frames (would be easy, but as we all know, NTSC video frame rate is actually 59.94 interlaced fields per sec. So we pull down the film frame rate to 23.9759 fps.
Then we generate redundant fields so that 4 film frames occupy five video frames (= 10 video fields), in the pattern 2:3:2:3 fields. There is a way of describing the film frame sequence identifying the progression as ABCD. An “A” frame is the case where a single film frame occupies a single video frame (contiguous fields 1,2). The next 3-field sequence is a “B” frame, which is video frame 2 plus the first field of frame 3. A “C” frame, which is the one we want to avoid, is field 2 of the third video frame and field 1 of the fourth video frame. You can see why this one causes a lot of problems. Ending the cycle is the “D” frame which is field 2 of video frame 4 and both fields of the fifth frame. And just to be clear, these are frames 00, 01, 02, 03 and 04, in NON-drop.
It is as elegant as 1950’s electronics can be. It depends on interlacing. It is very difficult to see in the Final Cut timeline as FCP does not actually work in fields plus all displays these days are progressive and all you ever hear is the whining about the juddering and shaking and twittering. I have a crappy CRT sitting downstream just so I can see this. And you’d be left breathless with wonder at how often FCP messes it up. Think of another word for “messes” if you want to know what I think of Apple’s fudged kluges.
Panasonic came up with Advanced Pulldown, which is 2:3:3:2, actually an ABDA sequence, which does away with the problematic “C” frame, as all you have to do, to “remove the pulldown”, is throw away the middle video frame as it is a mixed-field frame containing information which already exists in the adjoining frames.
When you are working in Non-drop frame, it is easy to keep track of the A-frame sequence, especially if your crack telecine operator has done a proper A-Frame transfer (I’m harking back to actual film days)
and hit A’s on 00, 05, 10, 15, 20, 25 — and you can avoid C’s. Drop frame, however, skips forward in its count and the upshot is that the A-frame-to x5 correlation is lost after the first minute.
SMPTE spec is to start counting at zero, but with most FCP timelines beginning at DF 1:00:00;00, that actually works out to the first frame being a “C” frame. How’s that for unfortunate?
As a long-time telecine colorist, it is something that became ingrained with me in day-to-day operations, but I can understand how most video editors, who have recently had to start dealing with how to integrate different frame rates have not yet come to terms with this fundamental concept. But those days are past.
jPo
You mean “Old Ben”? Ben Kenobi?