May I suggest my DVX100 course- I explain all of this and the workflow in great depth with on-screen animations and everything:
https://www.callboxlive.com/products/24p-digital-post-production-with-final-cut-pro-and-the-dvx100
To directly answer your questions:
The progressive modes give you full frame progressive capture, as opposed to interlaced. That is the different between a video look and a film look essentially.
24p the standard 3:2 pulldown used for telecine of film to video to make 24 frames per second into a 29.97 NTSC compatible signal while retaining the film look. 24p Advanced does the same thing but in a way that’s much easier to reverse in editing- so you can edit without the pulldown at a true 24 frames per second.
You should be shooting whatever format you like but 24p advanced is this camera’s strongest and most used mode.
-Noah
Check out my book: RED: The Ultimate Guide to Using the Revolutionary Camera!. Unlock the secrets of the 24p, HD and Final Cut Studio.
Now featuring the Sony EX1 Guidebook, Panasonic HVX200, Canon EOS 5D Mark II, and Panasonic DVX100.
https://www.callboxlive.com
DSLR Cinematography Blog