You shouldn’t scale as this will introduce pixelation. Ideally, you would redo your comp in AE with larger footage. For vector images scaling should’nt be a problem, you can use Motionmath scripts, scalleall.mm or scaleby.mm to enlarge layers to fit the current comp size. For version 6.5, use the ScaleComp.jsx script.
For raster images, it’ll give you an indication as to how large your source files need to be in order to maintain the original resolution. Then see how you can acquire the original with the new dimensions. For videos, there is really no way to have a higher resolution image. Your best bet is to use Photoshop’s Bi-linear or perhaps Nearest Neighbor (depending on image) to do the scaling. Then import the file into AE and replace the version that was scaled up by AE.
Secondly, your calculations seem to be off: for a 16″x20″ output at 360 dpi, you’d need a comp size that’s 5760×7200 pixel compo size. What you did in PS is fine.
HTH
Roland Kahlenberg
broadcastGEMscustomizable animated backdrops with Adobe After Effects project files