Just as an update to this issue, I posted the same question on the After Effects forum at adobe.com and received the following reply from Tim Kurkoski:
Tim Kurkoski
Adobe Employee
Apr 4, 2018 2:59 PM
We are investigating a problem where After Effects 15.1 is unable to see certain PostScript fonts. This is an unintentional change, and we’re still in the discovery phase.
Workarounds in the meantime for this would be to convert the font or obtain an OpenType or TrueType version of it. Failing that, create the text in Photoshop and use the PSD source instead of a native text layer in After Effects. (Yes, that’s a bit of a hassle, which would work best if you’re not animating the text and don’t have to do more editing.) Sorry about the hiccup here.
No explanation as to what “certain PostScript fonts” means but it does seem that the problem is universal. Maybe it’s only affecting the front part of the alphabet, to be fair I didn’t check any fonts starting with S or later. Maybe it’s only affecting PostScript fonts whose names remind them of an unpleasant food they were forced to eat as children, so they used this as their moment of revenge…maybe they are skipping the fonts that have a funny smell…maybe they’re leaving out the fonts that…(wanders off mumbling more theories to himself)
Good Luck, Tim…we’re all counting on you!

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\”I\’m packing your extra pair of shoes, and your angry eyes, just in case.\”