[Chris Ayton]

Tobias,
It would appear not, but I am hoping to be proven wrong.
I am dealing with a similar situation and have found that you can select all of your form fields and copy & paste them into another PDF.
So if you make amendments to the INDD file and then export a new version of the PDF, with different name, you can the selact all of the fields from the existing PDF and copy & paste them into this new PDF and they should be in the correct location.

I have done this with a single page document only, so you may have to work page by page to copy & paste them all.

Hope this helps.
Chris