First here are some Music Libraries that may get you what you need:
https://www.megatrax.com/core/sound_effects.cfm
or
https://www.hollywoodedge.com/ – awesome collection of SFX and other libraries.
A couple of ideas come to mind and to get you started, click on the Afx Banner on top of this page, scroll through the many tutorials and you should be able to get started. Combine different tutorial techniques together and you shoule be able to build what you’re after.
For starters look at Mark Simpson’s “Write it with light” and Serge Hamad’s “Creating a nebula” for your explosive gas ring and additional environment, an oldie but a goodie, keep in mind that the effect references in this tut have changed because Adobe purchase Cult Effects a few years back. The names are pretty easy to cross reference though. Ie. CE_Circle is Render > Circle, Noise Turbulent II (I think it was) is now Render > Fractal Noise.
https://www.creativecow.net/show.php?page=/articles/simpson_mark/shine/index.html
Then try one of the text blowing away tutorials. A search here in the forum will bring plenty of results about blowing up or blowing away text.
One idea would be to use AE Shatter and custom gradient maps to direct the explosive elements (both the sun and foreground elements). I would use the alpha channel of your Sun and it’s edges with Trapcode Shine and a little gaussian blur applied for the supernova effect.
Another idea would be to use if you have it in your current AE version is the Invigorator plugin by Zaxwerks (also here as a forum at the Cow). The plugin allows you to use cameras, create, animate, and texture elements of text or other objects brought in from Illustrator, and other programs that can be placed into your AE scenes.
Just a quick run down on some ideas. Hope this helps,
Tom