I’m currently finishing a project (https://www.vimeo.com/4250942) that has involved a ton of muzzle flashes. If you haven’t already, you should check out detnonationfilms.com. They’ve got a large selection of real muzzle flashes to choose from. Having real footage of gunshots is really the best way to start. You can add them to your shots, usually for no more than one frame with the layer mode set to Screen.
One thing that I discovered on this project is the importance of smoke in adding to the believability of digital muzzle flashes. You can really turn a dumb looking shot into something quite compelling with just a little bit of smoke remaining after the gunshot.
Bullet shells are also good to add, and can be done rather easily by keyframing rectangular shapes flying out of the gun with motion blur turned on. Most of the time though, the effect is barely noticeable.
Adding light effecting nearby objects can be helpful but it’s usually not needed and can be quite tedious.
A great reference for this kind of film-making is Stu Maschwitz’s DV Rebel’s Guide. That book is an absolute must-have.
Hope that helps.
Samuel Hall
DP/Editor/VFX/Music
http://www.vimeo.com/samhall
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