Well, there’s View > Print size, where Photoshop will do its best to show you the size an image will be when you print it to paper. But for Photoshop to automatically display things at their real-world size? To the best of my knowledge, there’s no automated way to do this. To use your example, if you open a photo of a quarter, Photoshop doesn’t know A.) it’s a quarter and B.) how big it’s supposed to be. All it sees is a grid of pixels.
I suppose if you know your monitor’s native resolution (usually 72ppi or 96ppi) and set up a new document at that resolution, you could get 1 monitor inch to roughly equal 1 real-world inch, but you’d be locked into only viewing at 100% magnification, and anything you print will be jagged and pixelated. Plus you’d still have to do scaling of any element you brought into the document to get it to the right size.
By and large, Photoshop doesn’t care about inches, or any physical measurement. All it cares about are the number of pixels.
—
It is easier to destroy than to create.
More fun, too.