Shane,
I’m sure you can use a program like After Effects to “pull” 24 of the 60 frames to make one second of footage in a 24p project, but it will never look like it would have if shot at 24p or on film!
When you shoot at 24 (with 180 degree shutter) there is a particular motion effect, blurr and the 2:3 pulldown that imitate film and has come to be known as the “film look”. It can really only be accomplished when you choose this speed on the origional photography.
This is why it’s so important to know in advance what’s to become of the footage; will it be shown on TV, DVD or in the cinema, what aspect ratio do you wish (sometimes two will dictate a compromise in frameing) and obviously what frame rate is dictated (film llok, 30 fps progressive or “realistic” video or live look)???
Only through experience (making mistakes usually) or by employing the services of an experienced DP, DIT or Post Production Superviser/ Editor can these issues be resolved in advance, which is when they should be. You’ll soon be an expert yourself, at least as regards frame speeds!
JS